I did not know then how much was ended. When I look back now from this high hill of my old age, I can still see the butchered women and children lying heaped and scattered all along the crooked gulch as plain as when I saw them with eyes still young. And I can see that something else died there in the bloody mud, and was buried in the blizzard. A people’s dream died there. It was a beautiful dream…
— Black Elk, at Wounded Knee
Ahh, the clarion call for people to assist me in this School Yard Fights, and viola, I get two kindred spirits already sending me their words and their ideas about what a real school yard fight is.
Here it is, my call out for subs –
Preface — Thanks to DV for providing teachers, et al. this column-writing space. It’s absolutely important to emphasize the School Yard Fights our culture and the globe are fomenting. As a call to others out there – theorists, higher education teachers, PK12 educators, cognitive behaviorists, creative artists, planners, anyone with a point or points to make around E-D-U-C-A-T-I-O-N – I want your stuff sent to me, at gro.eciovtnedissid.wennull@luap. It’s a great big topic. Lots of leeway. So bring it on: Poems, photographs, personal narratives, wonky stuff, and just good old opinion writing and creative non-fiction. Hell, fiction is accepted to. Capiche? And, yes, adjunct faculty writers rule, too.
Today, let’s talk Indian Boarding Schools, language extinction, cultural genocide, and “kill the Indian, save the man” retrograde thinking that permeates native people’s relationship to the dominant conquering cultures.
Desecration of spiritual and cultural lands. Ramrodding nuclear waste dumps, oil refineries and any number of fracking schemes onto native lands. The unholy seed of the capitalist, throwing schemes and bombs into the wind for the inevitable calculus of profit over people. This is the religion of these culture eaters – a religion steeped in money and ledger books glowing from their chemical aura, an insemination of human defilement passed from forefathers and benefactors. White men and white women rejoice!
Where have we come in our education projects in my old stomping ground, Navajo land, in Arizona? Exactly what are those No Child Left Behind mandates doing to schools in places like Arizona? What are the test givers’ and test inventors’ hidden dark agenda? Cultural genocide? Or, the erasure of entire people’s historical lineage and undying narrative?
Pound the Indian out of the boy and turn him into a law-abiding consumer, strangled by debts, credit cards, X-box realities — a stranger in his own skin. The culture eaters denigrate diversity studies, ethnic enrichment courses, classes on how to learn to unpack culture … how to go back to old ways in order to survive the new ways that are unleashing a calamity of apocalyptic proportions.
I worked with Grey Owl in Idaho, a Cheyenne who took me with his Nez Perce wife Martha (related to Looking Glass) to camas fields and streams where cous grows. These are the words and plants and narratives of good people, of good things, of what we need in this ever growing illumination of an iPad-fied world of people hooked to screens and donning Google glasses.
I wrote a long feature of this camas and cous harvest, published in Spokane Living Magazine and the alternative weekly, Pacific Inlander. Curled edged clips now, and somehow never resurrected on the web. Too bad too, since digging next to the husband and wife team, I followed my own awakening to the violence in the world my supposed clan of white men, the culture eaters, bring to my own art, my own life.
Grey Owl and talking circles and sweat lodges for disenfranchised youth, white youth, with drug problems and disengaged parents.
Right along the Clearwater, in a tepee, where the expedition encamped – Lewis and Clark – I heard wolves.
That’s an entirely different essay, on Grey Owl, and what it means to go from alcohol and random abuse to a leader in his community, taking the old – unpacking again – to be a new man immunized against the culture eaters.
How many people stuck in a modern version of the boarding school mentality — the testers, the Race to the Top and NCLB executives and charlatans — want to know about Salish, about Spokane tribes in the Columbia Basin gathering roots that in those old times provided the majority of their carbohydrate calories for the year?
Who wants to know the words for these plants in Salish, or what these traditions mean, even in English? How these tribes developed remarkable botanical expertise, learned seasonal timing, created their taste preferences and cooking methods over time with a keen eye to the rhythms of the land, air, water, and sky.
How many care to want to know the staple roots of tribes of old and tribes of now? Is there space on a test for those histories, that ethno-botany, those chants?
Blue camas lily and pink bitterroot. We see them on our hikes in the spring where flowers ask us to peel back our digital corneas for the abundance of hues wildflowers burst with. The Lomatiums is a large group of flowers. There are 40 different species of Lomatiums in the Columbia Plateau region. Wildflower experts have a difficult time identifying them. Yet, for the Spokane or Nez Perce, many Lomatiums were traditionally used to make a tea or tonic for colds and sore throats. While these plants haven’t been studied much, there is even compelling evidence that some varieties have antiviral properties. One lomatium variety helped a Nevada tribe prevent a single death during the flu pandemic of 1917-18.
So there we have it, just the tip of the iceberg from the non-dominant white man’s culture. Sahaptin-speaking bands of the southern Columbia Plateau as well as Salish speakers of the north have been able to distinguish subtle differences between these varieties of Lomatiums because they are part of their lives, both past and present. Heck, Nez Perce people kept the Lewis and Clark Expedition going – kept them alive! — with cous (Lomatium cous): pronounced “kows” and meaning “root” from the Nez Perce lexicon.
Maybe I am being nostalgic, but as a teacher here in Washington State, around Colville and Spokane, I’ve always wondered why so many white students know so little about their own back yard, the scablands, the people … almost zilch. Even with Sherman Alexie to call one of our own.
Maybe more on this agnotology later – and my own intersection with native cultures in Arizona, New Mexico, Chihuahua, Sea of Cortez, Chiapas, Guatemala, Mayaland, Vietnam.
For now, I give you an email sent to me challenging me to run a piece on cultural genocide and a modern manifest destiny being carried out in Navajoland in Arizona.
I’ve included the email and then the essay by the same author. I’ve added the sub-headings, I hope, as a way to leap the reader’s concentration into each sequential great and powerful point given to us by the author, retired public school teacher Mr. Crittenden.
Simple, this School Yard Fights is a story of a teacher, Jim Crittenden, looking deep into his own looking glass at the years he fought as an elementary teacher in Navajoland to develop sanity when it comes to Arizona’s teacher proficiency test and how that test affects the educational experience of thousands of students and hundreds of teachers and prospective ones.
My Story is the New Navajo Story
My story is based upon 17 years as an elementary teacher in the Navajo Nation at a state (AZ) public school district. I witnessed the destruction of an incredible outreach to Navajo teacher candidates in the decade prior to NCLB, the current enabler of oppression of Native peoples. Specifically, the highly qualified designation was delegated to the states, which AZ glommed upon by outsourcing the requirements to a testing company from Massachusetts- a place that hasn’t seen a viable Native culture in literally hundreds of years. Their teacher proficiency test demonstrated this lack of cultural awareness.
I documented this tragedy in a narrative and posted it online several years ago, where it still is today. It is my opinion that my narrative is the correct one. And, it is my belief that the oppressive teacher testing rules of AZ could have been modified by a single sentence giving local administrators the ability to offer teacher candidates personal assessments that could sidestep the cultural insensitivities inherent in the generic teacher test, called the AEPA. My suggestion was ignored with the same kind of insensitivity. Thus is the power of state-level bureaucrats. In addition, the US Civil Rights unit in the US Dept. of Education refused to even consider looking into it.
This is just another example of the grinder that is public education today.
The damage done in the past 12 years has been extensive, at the detriment of a healthy educational experience for thousands of students. Currently, I am documenting the correlation between the percentage of Native teachers in reservation schools and their “report card” issued by the state. Anecdotally, I know many Navajos who have passed on becoming teachers (they will sub, though).
Be sure to look additional notes as well: here.
Thank you for your action, and please let me know how I can help in any way.
Jim Crittenden, retired
To E.L.L. and Back Again: An Essay on Indigenous Peoples’ Civil Rights
by Jim Crittenden
Questions: Is there any reasonable argument against the idea that a strong societal need exists for a child to grow up with the ability to function in the broader society? Is there any reasonable argument against the idea that a strong individual need exists in every person to develop one’s own sense of being in childhood? Is there any reasonable argument against the idea that these and other diverse childhood needs require time, adult guidance, opportunities for societal interaction, and a place to occur? Is there any reasonable argument against the idea that the public/private school system has a responsibility to address these and other similar questions?
Surely, any reasonable person would say that, no, there are no reasonable arguments against these kinds of assertions. Nevertheless, there are arguments that exist about certain aspects of these assertions, such as, what the “broader society” is; what a healthy sense of being within that context appears to be; how much time, in what place, and in what way adult guidance occurs; how much of the work of raising children the job of the school system is. And in a world of finite resources, the debate swells over how much is affordable.
It appears that the State of Arizona and the United States have concluded that not much is affordable and therefore, given the immensity that the task of educating all the children is, the economical route of one-size-fits-all mass indoctrination must be followed. This direction is no more apparent than in the case of Arizona’s new English Language Learner (ELL) directives to all the State schools.
How Much School and How Much Child Living Can Be Balanced
The loudest voices kept clamoring for English-proficient citizens that can competently read and write in the official language of the US. Again, there is a very strong argument for English competency for citizens to function in the broader society. According to these loudest voices, however, nearly two-thirds of a child’s school day must be spent meeting this societal need- apparently at the expense of addressing the other diverse childhood needs. For nearly two-thirds of a child’s school day to be spent exclusively in an ELL pullout program is an extremely unwise monopolization of time, and yet another example of socialization into mainstream society at any cost- even one’s chance at a well-rounded childhood within the context of their own community.
For predominantly Native communities particularly, Arizona’s new ELL policy is a throwback to the “bad old days” when schools operated under the philosophy of “Kill the Indian, Save the Man,” only with a new twist: instead of sending the children off to a boarding school environment, the State is bring the boarding school environment into the public school districts.
Cultural Genocide
This may or may not be a case of intentional cultural genocide, but such a complete indifference by State officials to all the other diverse needs of growing children smacks of tyranny to the Native people who have been still struggling to recover from past efforts at eradicating their way of life. It violates the civil rights of children. It violates existing federal and state laws concerning civil rights, and those of Native people in particular. It violates the professional educational concept of best practices (pdf). And, it violates my right as a teacher in a Native community to express myself professionally according to all of the above rights of the community and its people.
Worse, and so ironically because it is unintentional collateral damage- surely unforeseen- is the growing number of professionally-trained teachers, who, upon being obliquely told that all their years of hard work, study, and experience have been essentially a waste of time, leaving the teaching profession, as the “one size fits all” ELL mandate, along with an increased dependence on programmed, scripted learning programs, have taken over the school systems. Rural areas are now experiencing a chronic lack of teachers. Prospective teachers are taking one look at the current state of educational opportunities and are just turning and walking away, shaking their heads in shocked astonishment.
It is one thing to provide ELL resources to schools, to promote ELL best practices, to offer incentives for districts that are ably moving forward, and/or to create demonstration schools as models for success. However, Arizona is doing little of that. Instead, it is dictating a time segment of every day for an ELL pullout program. And it is not just for one period per day; not just two or three periods per day. It is for four periods a day, at least half a school day for most public schools.
A personal experience here: I spent three years obtaining the 26 credits- nine courses- necessary for an English as a Second Language (ESL) endorsement on my teaching certificate, all while working full-time in the classroom. It was a lot of work, costing hundreds of dollars, but I proved I was able to succeed in an ESL classroom. Now, I am being told that all the coursework and years of experience count for nothing. My ELL students will be pulled out of my classrooms, separated from their classmates, preventing my chance to teach to them, preventing their chance to learn from me, creating likely social divisions and other stigmas within the student body, and potentially shattering the entire community as a result.
Is there a more pertinent example of cultural genocide than that? Similar effects were the results of the boarding school days of time gone past.
Public School Versus the Wisdom of Elders
Young people suffer compulsory education during school, then grow up to find themselves lost upon graduation. Human vices prevail for far too long and for far too many people in a shattered community. Elders want to help, but the children are all herded into schools, sequestered within a permanent soft lock-down environment, mostly inaccessible to their own community during school hours. People are dying to share their years of accumulated wisdom with the children, but with rare exceptions are being prevented from doing so in any kind of structured way within the school system. Then along comes another state and federal mandate that monopolizes the available time in a child’s day and narrowly restricts what can be taught, how it is to be taught, who can teach it, and what defines success.
In some contexts the label ELL is a sign of a language deficiency in a child. However, in a Native culture, and in other contexts, ELL is an indication of hope that a child is still being raised in a strong, Native cultural environment. Laws mandating fixed hours of ELL instruction are crushing that hope, as if grinding Native cultural aspirations under the heels of jackbooted thugs, more interested in producing compliant workers serving powerful moneyed interests rather than informed citizens capable of succeeding in life, and making valuable contributions to their own communities.
Modern Manifest Destiny
Those who would put their ideology over others are practicing a modern version of Manifest Destiny. This is what is going on in public schools in Native communities. Indigenous languages are being lost at an alarming rate. Native people do not wish to lose their language. When language is lost, cultural practices and traditions follow. Native people want to retain their culture, not lose it.
As a teacher, I have met with hundreds of parents, the overwhelming majority of who are Native people. Did any of our legislators even attempt to listen to these parents as they were writing this ELL law? I can say with complete confidence that these parents all want their child to succeed, whether in their own community, or somewhere else in the “culturally foreign” world. In fact, they want both. Instead, they are continually facing hubris-saturated legislated opposition to their legitimate wishes.
What the Arizona legislature fails to realize is just how pathetic the State’s school system is in the eyes of not only these parents, but also in the eyes of educators everywhere. They fail to realize the consequences of their education legislation in terms of financial cost as well as social cost. The culturally oppressive mandates of the Arizona legislature serve to reinforce the imperialistic roots of the English-speaking power elite in this state. The reasoning for English-only laws and ELL rules in the classrooms falters in the presence of best practices, further reinforcing its racist nature. Whenever the spectre of racism is invoked, policymakers vehemently deny it is the motivation behind their policies. Yet to an oppressed culture, there is little difference between overt racism and the de facto racism these policies engender.
And make no mistake, ELL policies that monopolize the time children must spend learning English only are culturally invasive, by definition. It is one thing when an invasive plant or animal (think zebra mussel) takes over a piece of the natural landscape. But humans are supposed to be able to do better. History is full of examples of when people do better. Sadly, this is not one of those times. The rationale of Manifest Destiny looms again, conveniently obscuring a gross violation of the civil rights of an oppressed people. In the face of historical facts, how can anyone be okay with that?
Money Saving at the Expense of People’s Futures, Heritage, Self-Identity
Where is the data that even hints that the Arizona ELL laws are anything but a miserly, money-saving response to the Flores decision (pdf)? How cynically unfair is the attitude behind legislation that sells out Dine’ and other cultures just to save a buck, and then congratulates itself for being so thrifty! There are certainly plenty reasons to be thrifty- it is a virtue, after all- but the real truth is that per pupil costs in Arizona (pdf) reflect more than thriftiness. Per pupil costs in Arizona sadly also reflect a violation of civil rights of minorities, as shown through the ELL laws.
To whomever asserts that this is a debatable issue, all I can ask is since when are civil rights in the US a debatable issue?
For the past 13 years, I have had the honor to live and teach in Navajoland. It is a responsibility that I do not take lightly. The patience of the people helped me to understand their culture, their community, their hopes and dreams, as well as their expectations for me as a teacher. The people of Navajoland do not expect me to replace their culture with my own, although they do expect me to prepare their children to participate in the greater (though not necessarily better) society. There is a difference. An educational policy that dictates to a community how much time every day is spent in an ELL pullout program is an example of the former. It not only elbows out community standards, it presumes to judge the community’s culture on that basis. This is prejudice. Again, the Dine’ people have acknowledged, all the way back to the days of Manuelito and Barboncito, the importance of public education for their children. In Navajo culture, prejudice is disrespectful. What is it today in the greater society of Arizona?
Why is disrespect for Native cultures considered a necessary evil in today’s society, as it was in the boarding school days? How much longer must we labor under the philosophy of “Kill the Indian, Save the Man”, that was so zealously followed in the past that entire tribal cultures were destroyed in the process? Make no mistake about it: Such an attitude is not only disrespectful, it is genocidal. This is the shameful legacy we Americans must endure, but surely not prolong. To follow such a policy toward Native people, and then be in denial about its racist and prejudicial basis bespeaks of indifference, uncaring, cynicism, and disrespect that is hardly any more virtuous than the overt racism of an earlier time. It is still wrong, and it is astonishing to me how the the ELL policies that are an outgrowth of this attitude became law in this, the twenty-first century.
If, in fact, the Arizona legislature is sincere about supporting English education in public schools, they would assign their aides the task of reviewing and summarizing for them the professional literature on ELL best practices. They would establish their own set of standards concerning bills that would correctly address civil rights issues in the lawmaking process. They would stop calling their lack of fiscal support for public education a virtue, and they would learn to work with Native, and other minority, cultures in a way that benefits all, rather than solely the business community’s need for cheap, urban labor.
The End
My grandchild, the whites have many things which we Navajos need. But we cannot get them. It is as though the whites were in a grassy canyon and there they have wagons, plows, and plenty of food. We Navajos are up on a dry mesa. We can hear them talking but we cannot get to them. My grandchild, education is the ladder. Tell our people to take it. — Manuelito
Another story tells how Barboncito once asked the government for an old ram so that he might tie it to a tree in front of the corral and say to the people: “See how it breaks its horns and bruises its head. This is what will happen to you if you fight the white man’s government. So go home and be at peace.”