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State
Repression in the Narmada Valley
by
Angana Chatterji
August
21, 2003
Villages
on the Narmada River are frontlines in the struggle for cultural survival. In
May 2003, a controversial decision was taken to raise the height of the Sardar
Sarovar dam from 95 to 100 meters. Waters swirl around Dhankhedi, Anjanwada,
Bharad, Kevadia, Nimgavan, Mokhdi, Dhanale, Manibeli. The police assault those
facing submergence, destroying homes, forcibly evicting people, harassing
activists of the Narmada Bachao Andolan. On July 28, 2003, 74 people, including
women and children, were arrested in Chimalkhedi village in Maharasthra for
protesting displacement.
Sardar
Sarovar is the largest dam on the Narmada, one of 30 large, 135 medium and
3,000 small dams planned on the river, whose watershed is home to about 20
million peasants and adivasis. The reservoir will displace 200,000 people.
Canals, colonies and afforestation will affect another 200,000.
The
river comes unannounced into their fields bringing the stench of rotting crops.
Siltation levels are dangerous, captive crocodiles have killed people. In front
of Domkedi village, a red flag flutters. Shobha Wagh died on May 22, 2003,
trapped in the silt. The very river where people bathed, fished, where children
played, their greatest ally, has turned into their most intimate enemy.
The
Maharasthra government claims that it has resettled all project affected
persons at 100 meters. Untrue. 1,500 families in Maharashtra and 12,000
families in Madhya Pradesh are yet to be rehabilitated at the 100 meter level.
The submergence is devastating the lives of people, wildlife and precious
ecosystems. The people, treated with contempt and disregard by the state, have
nowhere to go.
This
state of affairs diverges from the conditions of the Narmada Project
Rehabilitation Policy mapped by the Government of Madhya Pradesh. It violates
provisions of tribal self-determination directed by Schedule V and VI of the
Indian Constitution. Such callousness defies Convention 107 (and 169 to which
India is not a signatory) of the International Labour Organisation mandating
against the arbitrary separation of indigenous peoples from their traditional
survival resources. It contravenes the conditions of the United Nations Charter
of Rights for Indigenous Peoples, and disobeys the guidelines drafted by the
World Commission on Dams.
The
response of the state to people affected by the Sardar Sarovar dam is a crime
against humanity that particularly targets women, children, adivasis, dalits
and other minorities. This dam is a fearsome testimonial to 'progress' in
postcolonial India, where the voices of the marginalised are drowned out in
development planning. Their lands and livelihoods are collateral that enable
the dreams of the privileged, their cultures and practices seen as a hindrance
to the process of modernisation, insufficiently 'productive', lacking in value.
India
is intent on building non-viable large dams even as many nations are
decommissioning them. As water and electricity pulsates to Ahmedabad, the
Narmada people are left without basic amenities, without shelter, clean water,
electricity, schools. Where resettlement has been attempted, it is flawed. The
rehabilitation process is deceptive and the people's demand for a written
Government Resolution (Maharashtra) on Rehabilitation is yet to be met. The
Daud Committee of 2001 directs land for land rehabilitation, implying habitable
and cultivable land. Repeatedly, the government's resettlement package offers
neither. Often the same land is allocated to multiple stakeholders.
Last
week, on a solidarity visit to the Narmada Valley, colleagues and I met with
members of the Narmada Bachao Andolan, the prolific and ethical movement whose
commitments since 1985 demand our solidarity. We witnessed intensifying
resistance as the Satyagraha gains momentum. We met Medha Patkar midstream near
Jalsindhi. As our boats paused next to each other, she smiled and spoke in that
inimitable way of the struggle ahead that has inspired a generation.
Leaving
the Valley we got off the boat near Kadipani, four hours from Baroda, and were
stopped and interrogated by the Gujarat police. We were asked to explain our
association with Medha Patkar, and accused of coming to the Valley to create
disturbances. We were informed that in Narendra Modi's state there are new
rules and those deemed suspicious would be detained. Our visit, we were told,
would be reported to the government. Another indication of mistreatment in
'Modi's Gujarat', where the state participates in the intimidation of the
innocent, in violence against minorities. The very state that was an accomplice
in the recent murder of Muslims and obstructs justice today, continues to abuse
the rights of the people of the Narmada Valley.
Umesh
Patidar, an Andolan activist, was waiting outside the police station. As we
said goodbye, Umesh Bhai handed us some food, saying that we had a long road to
travel and should have sustenance. Amid all he has to do, amid the horror of
his reality, he is caring. It is humbling to witness the strength of the
Andolan, its refusal to be made inhuman. A clash of worlds. One where integrity
and relationships matter. Another where alienation and greed dominate, where
there is no comprehension, or tolerance, of difference.
Proponents
see the dam as a leap in science and technology. They assert that the quality
of life will significantly improve because of the political and economic
decisions made in support of the Sardar Sarovar. Treacherous fictions.
Struggles over the shape of the Indian nation in the Narmada Valley, narrate
the irrevocable depletion of the country's natural resource base and the
brutalisation of the disenfranchised. Sardar Sarovar tells a disparaging story
of the destitution of communities, of persistent and invasive inequities. It
symbolizes the incapacity of the state to honour lives and aspirations that
dare to challenge the inequities of globalization and the tyranny of dominant
development.
Who
is accountable? The World Bank withdrew in 1993 without redressing the
consequences of its involvement. The Governments of Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra
and Gujarat have failed to abide by legal norms, the Supreme Court to deliver
juridical justice. How little democracy functions for the disempowered in
India.
The
bereaved river rages in despair. Cultural genocide is never justifiable
regardless of how much 'economic prosperity' results. The injustices in the
Narmada Valley must be scrutinized by international human rights organizations.
The government must comply with the rule of law. If history chronicles that the
people of the Narmada were indeed drowned out, with them will die ways of being
precious to preserving our world, languages, values, spiritualities,
imagination and memory. And, if we do not speak up we will have been complicit
in this massacre.
Angana Chatterji is a professor
of Social and Cultural Anthropology at the California Institute of Integral
Studies in San Francisco (http://www.ciis.edu/faculty/chatterji.htm). Email: Angana@aol.com
* Under
Siege in the Narmada Valley